What is Faith?

Faith is not "belief in spite of proof." Faith is "belief in the absence of proof."

This is an important distinction to me. It amazes me how many "Christians" I meet who try their best to deny, and even disprove, Evolution. Yet curiously, the same people are not vigorously trying to disprove the theory of gravity, or general relativity, or quantum mechanics.

I recently read an article which gave a wonderful definition of "fact". As it stands, nothing can truly be none as 100% factual. After all, you could always question the very nature of existence itself (perhaps we are all just dreaming). So scientifically, fact is generally accepted to mean that the probability is so great that there is no meaningful reason not to support that idea. The fact that the sun will rise tomorrow morning is only factual in so far as - there is no meaningful reason to consider that it wouldn't.

Now based on that definition, evolution is a fact. There has been no legitimate scientific discourse in the last 100 years that has attempted to suggest otherwise. What is currently unknown is the mechanisms which cause Evolution. But it is a fact, that all life on Earth has evolved from simpler organisms and will continue to evolve.

But back to the matter at hand... So many absolutely refuse to accept this "fact" based on the false pretense of "faith". I call it false, because they believe they are being faithful - by continuing to believe in the Bible, rather than all rational evidence at hand. This is not faith. Faith is not the blind acceptance of spiritual ideas that contradict all natural evidence. If you want to know how the natural world was formed and continues to form, you need only understand the natural facts. If you want to have faith in spiritual possibilities, you must have faith in the absence of all proof - because the natural, physical world will never provide you with any proof of the spiritual world.

Faith is not belief in spite of proof. Faith is belief in the absence of proof.

Then again, I could be completely wrong...

Philosophy Reborn

Continuing on from my previous concepts... I have 2 basic theories...

1) The objective basis for moral and ethical behavior has its origins with the evolution of the human species. Those actions which provided the greatest advantage for survival were ultimately deemed "morally good".
2) As such, most of our actions are not determined by active "choices". Rather, we "react" based on our genetic predispositions. Humans have the unique characteristic of utilizing "will power" when external forces persuade us to act contrary to our genetic predispositions.

So one question (not yet addressed) is... How/Why have we developed such complex notions of free will, and the entire philosophical study of morality and ethics (deontology, consequentialism, etc...)? In other words - if my theory is correct, how/why are those other theories incorrect?

Evolution is responsible for producing variations in species which allow for greater adaptation and survival. Not all mutations are advantageous though; it's simply trial and error. Early, in a certain primates development, one species developed the capacity to "reason". That is - he/she developed greater mental capacities that allowed them to put more complex thoughts together. This lead to several other advancements: utilization of tools, language, specialization of duties, etc.... And although "reason" would prove to be a significant advantage, it would ultimately allow humans to diverge from the natural processes of "natural selection". In some ways, humans simply rebelled from evolution in much the same way we have recurring fears that computer AI may one day rebel against its human creators... that all-important concept of "self-awareness".

The strategic advantage brought about by "specialization of duties" ultimately allowed something new... spare time. Once humans were no longer in a constant state of survival, they had time to think. And their processes were probably no different than people today (relatively speaking of course). "Who am I? Why am I here? What is my purpose? Etc...?" This is when reason turned to one of its main faults... It attempted to explain the unknown using the only thing it had - what it sees every day. Thus the complex functions of nature were attributed to anthropomorphic creations...gods created in the image of man. Most of these early religions focused less on the moral and ethical issues of right and wrong, but instead merely attempted to explain the natural world as well as humans role and interactions within it. But as humans began to coalesce into larger communities and civilizations, these questions of morals and ethics became more pressing. As with today, most human beings have a good sense of right and wrong even without tremendous exposure to complex religious or philosophical ideas. But as with all other natural interactions - the question was "Why". Once again - humans turned to religion. So, before long religions like Zoroastrianism and early Judaism began preaching the notions of a "heaven" and "hell" - the idea that "bad or evil" actions would be eternally punished.

For hundreds, or even thousands, of years this was the basis for human concepts of morality. Certainly, minor details were different from one culture to another - but the primary concepts were the same. From time to time, there were certain individuals who attempted to explain behavior through other methods - a seemingly more logical, or even secular, approach. These people were ultimately called philosophers. But in many ways, I would submit that this was still not much different than what humans had previously done with religion. In short, the only real difference in religion and (what was to be) philosophy, was that philosophy did not "require" the concept of God to determine the basis of moral and ethical behavior. Certainly many philosophers still believed in a God of some sort - but they did not believe one had to rely on his existence to explain human behavior.

So...Philosophy (for me) is reborn. After all, it has every right to attempt to explain human behavior just as religion continues to do so. And it would certainly be foolish to think that my own notions (which I am currently blogging) are not themselves, philosophical ideas - of sorts. But I would submit that any philosophical or religious notion that implies humans have some greater capacity toward free will than we have hitherto exhibited, is inconsistent at truly understanding humans as an intrinsic part of the natural world.

It is the great irony that evolution produced our capacity for reason. Yet that very same capacity was responsible for our misperceptions of "self". I don't believe any philosophy or religion has yet successfully persuaded us (as a species) to act in contradiction of our natural predispositions. They are, instead, just anthropomorphic rationalizations of our genetically predetermined behavior. (Yes - there will always be examples to the contrary. But I submit that the human capacity of "will" plays a factor. But I would also point out the variations in the natural world as well. I've see lions and tigers show affection contrary to our notions that they are always killers.)

Then again, I could be completely wrong...

Alien Life (2)

We are currently looking for life on Mars and other planets - and looking hard. But as an ignorant observer, I wonder about the real probability of finding life - regardless how small. The conditions for life to begin are extremely rare (relatively speaking it seems). But when it does, it seems life will evolve and spread constantly. Earth has shown that life (in some form) exists in almost every conceivable spot on the planet - even the most harsh environments. And from what I can tell the environment on Earth 2 billion years ago when life began was certainly not the lush tropic filled world we see now; it would have been a barren wasteland. So....when I look at Mars, I have very little faith that we will find anything beyond:
1) Evidence that life may have once existed for a very, very short time
2) Any existing life is in an extremely early form of development like that of the Earth 2 billion years ago.

Regardless how harsh the environment on Mars - I cannot help but believe that if life had ever evolved millions or billions of years ago - it is a very high probability that the planet would be teaming with life, which would require very little effort to find/discover. The fact that we are having to search so hard indicates to me - very little chance of finding life. But of course, that doesn't mean will not find other interesting aspects (perhaps flowing water at one time).

Then again, I could be completely wrong...

Tough Road (Part 2)

Assuming you read Part 1: http://theepitomeofmediocrity.blogspot.com/2010/06/tough-road-part-1.html


I'm now faced with the difficult task of showing how a predetermined moral character can coexist with free will.

So first, I have to put the "will" into perspective. It seems to be that (at a basic level) all of our actions are driven by 1 of 2 forces - Will or Instinct. So let's get a better understanding of the two.

Instinct. Many associate this with the more subconscious (almost animalistic) behaviors - survival instinct, sex drive, hunger, etc.... However, I give "instinct" far more credit. Acting in accordance with ones own natural proclivities. Example - the decision to walk into a store and purchase an item instead of stealing the item is (for most) not an exercise of the will; it is purely instinctual behavior.

Will. I describe will power to be those actions we commit which are contrary to our instinctual behavior. This is an important distinction (for me at least). Will is not the drive to act; it is the drive/ability to act against our instinct.

I will provide a personal example. I do not drink alcohol. This is not a recent decision; I have been this way since I was in high school. For years I have defended this in numerous ways... I've used logic at times to suggest that I do not want to "make the mistakes of others". Or I have have considered that I simply have a stronger will power than others to resist (especially peer pressure). But looking back - I realize that the inclination was never really there to begin with. In short - it has been no real exertion of will to fight the temptation to drink, because there was no temptation to begin with. I've rationalized it in the past - but the reality is I am simply genetically predisposed to "not drink". And in fact, it would require more will power for me to drink than not.

So the question now is... What drives us to employ our will, why do we not act on instinct alone - all the time? The answer is (in part) Newton's First Law of Motion - an object in motion tends to stay in motion unless an external force is applied. I say "in part" because I do not believe it is external forces alone. After all, other living creatures continue to act according to instinct, even when faced with external forces; the actual behavior may be different but it is still driven by instinct none-the-less. So what additional variable causes humans to employ their "will"? Naturally - I believe it is our capacity for reason - that aspect of human nature which allows (even compels) us to question and rationalize those external forces.

When faced with any scenario, regardless how important or trivial, we are inclined to act according to our predetermined instinct, unless our interpretation, or rationalization, of external forces compel us to employ some measure of will either contrary or beyond our natural instinct.

Then again, I could be completely wrong....

A Tough Road (Part 1)

It took me years to "define" my religion. And I did this for a reason. There are many out there who reject the classical or traditional views of Christianity (and all other religions) and pretend to have their "own" belief system. And generally what I have found is that these people fall into 2 categories: 1) Their ideas were espoused 400 years ago and is nothing new, or 2) Their ideas are not based on any observable, supportable evidence (it's just some crazy idea they made up). My religious belief can be described best as ____________ (that's a discussion for another day, haha).

As I have stated before, I had generally accepted Kant's notion of Deontology as the system of "ethics/morals" that most closely aligned with my beliefs. But recently I have had a shift. And not surprisingly - after a little more research - it turns out that my ideas have (kind of) been around for quite a long time. While I wouldn't say it is identical - the themes are certainly close enough.


You see, my general premise is that although humans have free will, their basic moral character is predetermined by their genetic make up. On the surface, this is very similar to the philosophical view Compatibilism - the idea that free will and determinism can coexist. And although I certainly agree with free will, it is the determinism part I have a problem with. So I have to layout my problems with determinism while at the same time showing how my theory distinguishes itself. Secondly, like Compatibilism, I have to show how free will can coexist with predetermined moral character.

I have a tough road ahead.

Determinism: Basically the notion that all actions have been predetermined by the environment; there is no such thing as free will. I'm not afraid to admit that a basic reading of determinism sounds very closely related to my basic notion that our basic moral character is predetermined. But the primary difference is that I do not believe our "actions" are actually predetermined. Let's look more closely at Determinism from 2 primary points of view: Religious/Spiritual and Secular.
- Religious/Spiritual: One may believe that a spiritual entity (God) is the omnipotent being that has predetermined all actions. I will not attempt to argue against this perspective. This is a purely faith based perspective which is not based on any empirical evidence. I have nothing against one's faith - but there is no point in trying to discuss 'logically'.
- Secular: Without any spiritual interference or supernatural influence, the events of the natural world are governed by one undeniable force: the laws of physics. Under the right circumstances, those very laws produced life. With life, came a new set of governing principles - evolution. Without free will, I do not believe humans would have ever impacted the process of evolution; and if you have read any of my other blogs you know that I firmly believe humans have had a major impact on the evolutionary process. In short - the natural process of evolution gives me no reason to believe that humans would have become sentimental and sympathetic to humans with unfavorable traits. In my humble opinion, the very fact that humans are capable of choosing mates based on any other value than those that will ensure the greatest chance for survival is a direct contradiction to the natural process of evolution. And as such is the best argument for the notion of free will.
(In an ironic tangent... as the early human ancestors were evolving, the ability to 'reason' would have simply been a new trait which greatly increased our chances of survival - yet at the same time would ultimately be the trait which ensured humans would no longer breed only for the purpose of increasing the species' chance for survival.)

So in other words, without any supernatural influences, I equate determinism to the natural process of evolution - the natural course of actions as predetermined by the laws of physics and other environmental processes. But the moment we were able to "choose" a different path - we exercised our free will.

So - how do I now reconcile this notion of free will with the concept that our basic moral character is actually "predetermined"?

To be continued....

Philosophy is Dead (Part 3)

Assuming you read part 2: http://theepitomeofmediocrity.blogspot.com/2010/06/philosophy-is-dead-part-2.html

So where does this leave me? Thanks (in large part) to Immanuel Kant, there are 3 primary schools of thought with regard to ethics and morality: Deontology, Consequentialism, and Nihilism. And although not a traditional "philosophical school of thought" - I would include Religion as well. To this day, I have always skewed toward Deontology. Now I'll be the first to admit that I do not believe any one system of belief is adequate. There are situations in life that always require exceptions. But as I began to draft up this blog, I found myself scared that perhaps I had become a nihilist. I say 'scared' because I have traditionally been least fond of Nihilism (regardless of my fondness/respect for Nietzsche). But fortunately, I don't believe this is the case. Nihilism seeks to prove that either A) there is no basis for objective morality, or B) there is a basic primeval morality which drives us to do what is in our own best interest. So in actual fact, my belief is a direct opposition to Nihilism. Nietzsche believed that the "Christian" moral code was a slave mentality. At this moment - I am prepared to disagree. The Christian moral code is merely a reflection of the basic genetic instinct of humans to support our society.

That said - is the Christian (or any religion) moral code perfect? Absolutely not. After all - like all other philosophical approaches it was written by the few - for the many. Although the underlying themes are determined by the human genetic make-up, these schools of thought attempt to provide a basis on how "all" people should act.

And yet - while I am glad that I can confidently say that my proposal is not Nihilistic in nature - it still saddens me. This proposal is eerily close to "predestination" which I have never liked. Predestination technically implies that your "salvation" is predetermined. My premise here implies that "how you act" is predetermined by your genetic make-up. But sadly, I have seen virtually no evidence to disprove this idea. Sure there are people who will claim they have changed. But I am willing to bet that on closer observation you will see this is not the case. Although they may have "learned" a new moral code through necessity or repetition - but if these outside forces are removed - they are more inclined to return to their natural state than they are to continue with the "learned" behavior, especially when placed in a situation where the "learned" behavior is not in agreement with their predetermined genetic make-up.

Through circumstances beyond my control, I was forced to question the nature of faith, belief, and our actions at a relatively young age. And after years of study, I found that I agreed with Kant's deontological views (in the area of morality). It was the approach to which I could most easily relate and defend. And for the last 15 years or more I have done just that. But it has occurred to me recently, that not once have I ever actually based my actions on any deontological thought process. That is to say I do not stop and consciously think, "Can I will that my action become a universal law?" Minor decisions are not worth the time. And when evaluating major decisions I generally know how I want to resolve and will always look for ways to rationalize my behavior - even if it is to suggest that "Deontology" doesn't work in this case. So looking back I realize that deontology was simply the philosophical principle which most closely resembled the moral principles I already had.

Wrap up: Any philosophical or religious basis for ethics and morality is ultimately ineffective at providing an objective "reason" for our actions. More specifically no one particular method will inspire, or cause, you to act in a manner which your genetic make-up did not already determine. In the end it is like developing a complex methodology of determining why you like a certain color. No argument is going to cause you to like a different color than the one you do - and ultimately you will simply choose the philosophical argument which happens to justify your color. But all hope is not lost. New behavior can be learned - but not through philosophical or religious "preachings" - but through pressure from outside forces and your own genetic ability, or inability, to adapt to those forces.

Then again, I could be completely wrong.....

Philosophy is Dead (Part 2)

Assuming you read Part 1. http://theepitomeofmediocrity.blogspot.com/2010/05/philosophy-is-dead-part-1.html

There is a long standing debate which can be summed up nicely by the term "Nature versus Nurture". And up to this point in the discussion, my basic premise focuses on the nature side of the debate. But being the "epitome of mediocrity" I am - I cannot ignore the nurture side of the debate; I'm sure it will come as no surprise that I believe both play equally in our development.

It happens that there is a very nice example I can use to effectively address both my central premise - as well as the nature versus nurture debate. Given that we live in the digital era - I strongly recommend you watch the movie "Les Miserables" with Liam Neeson and Geoffrey Rush (and yes you should probably read the original Victor Hugo novel as well). On the surface, it would seem the general theme is that we can change; we do not act according to our genetic make up. But there is an interesting dichotomy here. In the story, a seemingly hardened criminal (Valjean) is transformed into a successful, morally righteous business man and philanthropist by a single act of kindness. But we also learn why he was imprisoned in the first place. As a young boy, Valjean was homeless and starving and in an act of desperation he stole some bread. The instinct to survive overruled his instinct to obey/support the needs of the society and for this he was imprisoned for nearly 20 years. So I could argue that Valjean was genetically predisposed to be a man of acceptable moral quality - but through the circumstances of his birth, he was forced to abandon these qualities. However, while on parole 20 years later, he stayed with a priest. The priest caught Valjean stealing at which time Valjean struck him down. This was not an act of desperation. But I would submit that this was 20 years of nurture. Valjean had "learned" a new moral code - take what you want when you can. That was the method of survival in prison. It is my belief that Valjean was genetically predisposed to be a "good" person. Through desperation and circumstances he was put into a position in which he learned a new moral code. But when the opportunity presented itself - through the kindness of the priest - Valjean quickly reverted to those moral codes his genetic make-up had provided him.

In a way, one could point out that this story actually refutes my point. After all, Valjean was able to "learn" a new moral code. This opens the door for us to believe that ethics really do have their place - it helps us teach the expected values of a society. But I am still inclined to disagree. While in prison, Valjean most certainly did not attend religious sermons or read philosophical treatises which "taught" him how one should conduct themselves in prison. Instead (just like the original theft) Valjean was merely adapting to survive. He had been placed in an environment in which the overwhelming majority was comprised of that 10-20% of society which does not have the genetic predisposition to function appropriately (and it is to be expected that 10-20% of the prison population - like Valjean - does have the "correct" genetic make-up). Later, when given the opportunity, it was much easier for Valjean to "transform" since his natural inclinations were never removed; he was never genetically altered. Had Valjean's original genetic make-up been "evil" - this act of kindness by the priest never would have changed a thing.

I believe nurture can certainly play a role in our development. But I believe that (for the majority) nurture is already steering us down the path our genetic make-up has already determined. It is only when placed in an environment which requires a new moral code, that nurture takes hold for our own survival. But at the first opportunity - our brains snap back not unlike a stretched rubber band returning to its natural state when you finally remove the external forces. (Note to self: can't wait to dissect A Clockwork Orange now, haha)

To be continued....